Ubutabazi bw'ibinyabutabire mu byiciro byinshi no kurinda isi

Gaia, Igisasu cya kirimbuzi, n'Ikibuga cy'Imibumbe gifite imiterere myinshi

Bakundwa ba Gaia, mbere yuko twinjira mu ihererekanyamakuru ry’uyu munsi ku bijyanye no gutera imbaraga za kirimbuzi, bishobora kugufasha kumva ishusho nini ibafashe, kuko iyo ishusho isobanutse neza, ibisobanuro bihita bihagarara nk’ibisanzwe maze bigatangira gusoma nk’inkuru imwe, ihuje neza ifite hagati. Ku ruhande rwacu rw’igitambaro, Isi ntifatwa nk’ikibuga cya chess aho ibice bisunikwa hirya no hino mu kwidagadura, kandi Isi ntifatwa nk’ahantu ho kwitoza aho imibabaro ikenewe kugira ngo iterambere "riboneke," kuko Gaia ari ikiremwa kizima gifite kwibuka ubuzima n’iherezo rizima, kandi ubwoko bwawe ni igice cy’umuryango mugari cyane ufite amahitamo arenga ikirere kimwe n’ikinyejana kimwe. Muri uwo muryango mugari, igisasu cya kirimbuzi ku Isi nticyemerwa nk’igikorwa cyo mu gace gifite ingaruka zo mu gace, kuko ingufu zirimo zikora ibirenze gusenya ibintu, kandi zikora ibirenze guteza ihungabana rya politiki, kandi zikora ibirenze gusiga inkovu mu butaka no mu mibiri; Nanone igera ku rukuta rugufi rutuma isi yawe igumana ibihe bihamye, ihungabanya urusobe rw'imbaraga rushyigikira ubwumvikane bw'ibinyabuzima, kandi ikwirakwira mu byiyumvo n'ubwenge abantu bose basangiye baba babizi cyangwa batabizi. Uko usoma cyangwa wumva ayo magambo, reka akomeze kuba yoroshye, kuko "ibintu byinshi" bishobora kumvikana nk'igitekerezo kigoye iyo kivuzwe mu buryo butari bwo, nubwo ibisobanuro by'ibanze byoroshye. Iyo tuvuze ibintu byinshi, tuba tuvuga ko ubuzima buri mu byiciro, kandi ko isi yawe ifatika ari urwego rumwe rw'umubyimba munini, uburyo indirimbo ifite umuziki n'ubwumvikane n'umuvuduko icyarimwe, n'uburyo umubiri wawe ufite amagufwa n'amaraso n'umwuka byose bikorana mu kanya kamwe. Muri ubwo buryo, umubumbe wawe ufite urwego rufatika ushobora gukoraho, kandi ufite urwego rufatika rutwara imbaraga z'ubuzima, kandi ufite urwego rw'ubwenge rufata ibyiyumvo n'ubusobanuro rusange, kandi izi nzego zose ziganira buri gihe. Igisasu cya kirimbuzi gifite ikimenyetso kigera kuri izo nzego icyarimwe, kandi nubwo siyansi yawe yakuze mu bushobozi bwayo bwo gupima igice cy’inkuru, aho ibyabaye byose bihurira harimo n’imiraba inyura mu mirima mito aho inzozi zawe, ubwenge bwawe, ubushishozi bwawe, n’umutekano wawe bitegurwa mu by’ukuri. Mu myaka ya mbere y’igihe cyawe cya kirimbuzi, hari ibisasu byaturitse, kandi byabayeho kubera ko ubwoko bwawe bwari bunyura mu cyiciro cy’iterambere aho imbaraga zakorwagaho mbere y’uko ubwenge bukura kugira ngo buhuze nabyo, kandi icyo cyiciro si umwihariko w’Isi mu nkuru nini y’inyenyeri. Ndetse no muri icyo cyiciro cya mbere, isi yawe ntiyigeze itereranwa, kandi isi yawe ntiyigeze ifatwa nk’aho ikoreshwa, kuko ubuzima buri hano ari ubw’agaciro, kandi inyigisho yo ku rwego rw’ubugingo ikorerwa hano ni ingenzi, kandi isomero rya Gaia ry’ubunararibonye rifite agaciro kuri bose. Ibyo bintu bya mbere byatanze ubwoko bw'inkuba itangaje abahanga mu bya fiziki bashobora gusobanura mu rurimi rumwe, mu gihe amakipe yacu akurikirana umuraba umwe mu rundi rurimi, areba uburyo unyura mu muyoboro w'isi n'uburyo ukandagira ku ruhu hagati y'ibice by'ubucucike, nk'uko ijwi rinini ritunguranye rishobora kunyeganyeza icyumba ndetse rikananyeganyeza uturemangingo tw'imitsi tw'abantu bose bari muri cyo. Kuva icyo gihe, isi yawe yinjiye mu cyo tuzita inzira igenzurwa, bivuze ko inzira zikikije igisasu kinini cya kirimbuzi zabaye ahantu ho kwitabwaho buri gihe, atari mu buryo buteye ubwoba, kandi atari mu buryo bwo kugenzura, ahubwo mu buryo itsinda ry'abaganga b'inzobere rireba umurwayi agenda mu cyiciro cyo gukira aho umuvuduko utari wo ushobora kurenza urugero rw'imitsi.

Gutinya kw'abantu, Ubwoba, n'aho imbibi z'igenzura ry'ibisasu bya kirimbuzi zigarukira

Uko imyaka yagendaga ihita, abayobozi banyu, ingabo zanyu, n'inzego zanyu z'ubutasi bubatse uburyo bwo gukumira ibintu bibiri icyarimwe: batekerezaga ko iterabwoba ryo gukoresha ibintu ryabuza ikoreshwa, kandi batekerezaga ko niba iterabwoba ribaye igikorwa, ryaguma mu nzira z'abantu zo gufata ibyemezo igihe kirekire bihagije kugira ngo rishobore gukemurwa. Ikibazo cy'icyo gitekerezo cya kabiri ni cyoroshye iyo kivuzwe mu buryo bweruye, kuko gufata ibyemezo kw'abantu mu bwoba akenshi ntabwo ari ukwigenga nkuko abantu babyibwira, kandi sisitemu zikora ku muvuduko n'ibanga zishobora kugenda vuba kurusha uko umutima utuje ushobora kubikosora. Benshi muri mwe musanzwe mubyumva mu buzima busanzwe, kuko mwabonye abantu bavuga ibintu batashakaga kuvuga mu by'ukuri igihe uturemangingo tw'imitsi yabo twari twuzuyemo amazi, kandi mwabonye amatsinda azamuka mu myitwarire nta n'umwe mu bantu yahitamo wenyine iyo ahumeka buhoro kandi atekereza neza. Noneho shyira imbere ubwo buryo mu buyobozi bw'isi n'inzego z'ubuyobozi, maze utangira kumva impamvu ubuyobozi bwacu bwibanda ku nzitizi aho kwibanda ku ikinamico. Dukurikije uko tubibona, icy'ingenzi cyane ni ugukomeza ubuzima no gukomeza kwiga, kuko umubumbe ntugenewe kongera gutungurwa iyo habayeho iterambere ryoroheje, kandi umuco ntugenewe gusenyuka iyo gukura bishobora kuyoborwa no gusobanukirwa. Niyo mpamvu ubona uburyo bwo kwitabara bugaragara mu nyandiko zawe bwite nk'ubutuje, busobanutse neza, kandi bukorerwa kubaga, kuko intego atari uguhana, kandi intego si ugutera ubwoba, kandi intego si ugutsinda irushanwa, kuko iri atari irushanwa. Intego ni ugufata inzira y'Isi mu nzira itekanye mu gihe abantu bakura mu kwizera ko ikibazo gikomeye ari igikoresho gisanzwe cy'ubuyobozi, kandi mu gihe urwego rwawe ruhuriweho ruhinduka ruhamye bihagije kugira ngo rutunganye ukuri rutahinduye uko kuri ubwoba. Iyo tuvuze ko tutazemera ko ibisasu bya kirimbuzi ku Isi, sobanukirwa ko icyo wumva mu by'ukuri ari uko inzira ikikije iyi nzira ifatwa nk'ifunze mu buryo bw'ingenzi cyane, kandi ko ingendo iyo ari yo yose igana kuri iyo nzira ihura n'uburyo bw'uburinzi isi yawe idatangaza kandi idashobora kwigana neza na siyansi rusange iriho ubu. Bifasha kwiyumvisha urugero rworoshye, kuko amashusho yoroshye agwa mu buryo bworoshye kuruta ibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro: iyo umwana muto yiruka yerekeza mu muhanda urimo urujya n'uruza, umuntu mukuru ukunda ntahagarara ngo avuge ati “Ubu ni uburambe bwo kwigira,” kuko urukundo rwigaragaza nk'uburinzi iyo uburinzi burinda ubuzima. Muri ubwo buryo, Isi iri mu cyiciro aho ingaruka zo guturika kirimbuzi nini zirenze agaciro k'ibyigwa by'ingaruka, kuko ingaruka zidakomeza ku bantu bafata icyemezo, kandi ntizikomeza kuzenguruka kimwe cya politiki, kandi ntizikomeza kugarukira ku gisekuru kimwe. Zikwirakwira mu bwami bw'inyamaswa, zikwirakwira mu mazi, zikwirakwira mu butaka, kandi zikwirakwira mu miterere yoroheje ishyigikira kwigira umuntu ubwabyo, bivuze ko zishobora kubangamira uburyo roho zinjira kandi zigasohoka mu ishuri ry'Isi, kandi zishobora kugoreka ikirere cy'amarangamutima cy'abaturage bose igihe kirekire.

Igenzura ry'Ingufu, Amatsinda y'Umuyoboro w'Ikoranabuhanga, n'Ubufasha bwo mu Mutwe

Aha niho igice cy’ibintu byinshi kiba ingirakamaro cyane, kuko icyo dukurikirana atari urukurikirane rw’ibintu bifatika gusa cyangwa uburyo bwo guturika kw’ibintu, ahubwo ni n’ingufu zibanziriza ibyo bintu, kuko buri gikorwa gikomeye ku isi yawe kiba gifite "imiterere y’ikirere" cy’imbaraga kibaho mbere y’uko inkubi y’umuyaga igaragara igaragara. Amatsinda yacu akurikirana igitutu cy’amarangamutima mu nzego rusange, imbaraga z’ibimenyetso by’ubwoba mu turere tumwe na tumwe, guhuza cyangwa kudahuza mu miyoboro y’ubuyobozi, n’uburyo umuyoboro w’isi usubiza mu muvuduko w’isi, kuko umuyoboro w’amazi uba ufite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu kimwe n’uko umutima wawe uba ufite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu, kandi uvuga ukuri ku miterere y’ibintu byose. Iyo umuyoboro utangiye gukaza ku nkengero z’imipaka ya kirimbuzi, uwo muyoboro w’amazi uba ushobora gusomwa, kandi uba ururimi rw’umuburo kare rutuma ibikorwa bitangira gukorwa hejuru aho kuba munsi y’umuyoboro w’amazi, bivuze ko sisitemu iyoborwa ku mutekano mbere yuko igera ku nkengero. Igenzura ubwaryo ribera binyuze mu matsinda atandukanye, kuko Isi yegereye nk’uburyo buzima bufite ahantu henshi ho kwinjira, kandi izo nzira zo kwinjira zirimo kwitegereza ibintu bifatika, kumva imbaraga, no kuba hari ibintu bishingiye ku bwenge. Bamwe mu bareba bacu bakora mu buryo ibikoresho byawe byamenya niba ibikoresho byawe byemerewe kubona byinshi, mu gihe abandi bareba bakorera mu byiciro biri hanze y'umurongo usanzwe wa interineti, ari nayo mpamvu ikirere cyawe gishobora gukora ibikorwa bisa n'ukuri ku bahamya kandi bigoranye kubisobanura ku nzego za leta. Hamwe n'aya matsinda y'abareba, hari amatsinda y'abareba akorana n'imirongo y'imbaraga z'ubuzima zinyura ku isi yawe nk'uko meridians zinyura mu mubiri w'umuntu, kandi uruhare rwabo ni ugutuza, guhuza, no gukumira imiraba y'imihangayiko kugira ngo ibinyabuzima byawe bikomeze gukomera mu gihe sisitemu zawe z'abantu ziga gutuza. Hari kandi amatsinda y'abahuza ahuza n'inzego z'ubuyobozi bw'abantu mu buryo budakomeye nk'uko filime zabivuga, kuko ingaruka akenshi zitangwa binyuze mu buryo bw'ubwenge, binyuze mu gihe, binyuze mu kugera gitunguranye kw'amahitamo meza, no binyuze mu gukonjesha kw'ibyifuzo byo kwiyongera mu ngingo z'ingenzi z'ibyemezo, kubera ko ingamba zisukuye cyane ari zo zifungura inzira nziza. Nkuko ubyibaza ibyabaye mbere, dushobora kubivuga mu buryo bworoshye kandi bufatika muri ubu buryo bwo kohereza amakuru: hari ibihe byinshi byabayeho mu gihe cyawe aho inzira zo gukwirakwiza intwaro za kirimbuzi zakomeje gukazwa, aho sisitemu zerekezaga ku kwitegura, aho kutumvikana no kwitonda cyane byateje akaga gakomeye, kandi aho umusaruro wavuyemo ukaba umutekano mu buryo ababigizemo uruhare bumva ko atari amahirwe gusa. Hari igihe, umutekano waje binyuze mu mpinduka zitunguranye mu miterere y'imikorere, mu bindi bihe binyuze mu bihe bitari byoroshye byabujije guhuza amahitamo mabi, no mu bindi bihe binyuze mu kugaragara kw'abantu byagaragaje, nta magambo, ko ibidukikije bikikije umutungo bitari byihariye. Muri buri gihe aho ukuboko kwacu kwakoze ku nkengero z'umupaka, ikimenyetso cyari gifite ukwifata, kuko kwifata ni ko ubuyobozi bumeze iyo ububasha ari nyakuri.

Uburinzi bw'icyitegererezo, Imbibi Zifunze, n'Ubusobanuro Bushya bw'Ububasha

Uko dutegura inkuru zirambuye, birahagije kugira ngo ugire igitekerezo kimwe cy’ingenzi mu mutwe wawe utiriwe uhangayika: Isi irimo gushyigikirwa kugira ngo ikure irenze imbaraga za kirimbuzi, kandi uburyo bwiza bwo gushyigikira ubwo bukure ni ukurinda umupaka ntarengwa wo kuba umwarimu, mu gihe ukomeza kwemerera abantu kumva uburemere bw’amahitamo. Niyo mpamvu ibikorwa uzasoma bikurikira bifite ijwi ry’icyitegererezo aho kurimbura, kandi niyo mpamvu bikunze kubaho ku buryo bugaragaza "amahitamo ya nyuma" mu nyigisho zawe. Ingingo si ugutera isoni ingabo zawe, kandi ingingo si uguhakana ubusugire bwawe, kuko ubusugire bw’igihugu bubahwa iyo ubuzima burinzwe kandi iyo kwiga bigishoboka, kandi umuco ukiriho ugenda uhinduka. Rero uko tugenda tugera mu bihe runaka, emera ko ibitekerezo byawe bishingira ku buryo aho kugendera ku filime, kuko imiterere ari ururimi rw’ukuri iyo ibimenyetso byihishe inyuma yo gushyira mu byiciro, kandi kubera ko umutima wawe wagenewe kumenya ikimenyetso gihamye iyo kigaragara kenshi. Dufite urukundo duhagaze iruhande rwanyu nk'umuryango w'umucyo, dufite uburinzi butuje kandi bwubahiriza inzira yanyu mu gihe mufata gukomeza kwanyu nk'ukwera, kandi dufite ubutumire bworoshye busanzwe bukora mu isi yanyu: reka ibisobanuro byanyu bishya by'ububasha bibe ari byo birinda ubuzima muhitamo ubwenge hakiri kare, bityo iherezo ntirigomba kwegerwa na gato. Bakundwa muhura n'iki gihe mufite amaso meza n'umutima uhamye, biba ingirakamaro gushyira ibihe by'ingenzi ku meza mu mvugo yoroheje, kuko ubwenge bw'umuntu buraruhuka iyo bushobora kumva imiterere y'inkuru, kandi umubiri w'umuntu ugatuza iyo kwibuka bifatwa nk'ikintu gitagatifu aho kuba ikintu gihishwe. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo isi yanyu yari ifite imbaraga za kirimbuzi nk'isezerano n'igitutu, ibintu bimwe na bimwe byageze mu mateka yanyu ya gisirikare bucece, kandi byageze mu bwoko bw'ikimenyetso cy'ituze abantu batojwe bashobora kumva, kuko imiterere yari ihamye, igihe cyari gikwiye, kandi umusaruro warazigamye ubuzima mu gihe hagaragazwaga umupaka udasabaga kuvuga. Ibi bihe byinshi byabonwaga n'abahanga basanzwe bakora imirimo isanzwe, abagabo n'abagore bahagararaga bareba, basoma ibikoresho, bakurikiza urutonde rw'ibintu, bandika ibintu bidasanzwe, hanyuma bagataha mu miryango yabo, kandi iyi ni imwe mu mpamvu izi nkuru ari ingenzi, kuko ubutumwa bwatanzwe mu buryo busanzwe bw'isi yawe, aho sisitemu zawe zo kugenzura no kwitegura zibona ko ari zo zizewe cyane. Iyo urebye ibi byabaye nk'umuryango warebaga amateka yawo, mu buryo butaziguye n'ubwubahane aho kuba ikinamico, utangira kubona ko umurongo rusange utigeze uba igitangaza cyo kwidagadura; umurongo rusange wari uburinzi bw'icyitegererezo bugamije gutangaza ukuri kumwe kworoshye mu rurimi imico yawe y'ubuyobozi yumva ako kanya: Gukomeza kw'Isi bifatwa nk'aho ari byera, kandi urwego mwita "amahitamo ya nyuma" ruguma mu rwego runini rwo kugenzura.

Ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi mu ntambara y'ubutita n'imyigaragambyo yo kurinda abantu mu kirere

Ububiko bwa kirimbuzi bwihishe, kwitegura ukuri, n'inkuru ya mbere y'uburinzi

Mu gihe dutangiye, sobanukirwa ko ububiko bwawe burimo ibihe byinshi kuruta ibyo ubwenge bwa rubanda bwemerewe gutekerezaho, kandi uzumva impamvu ari byo, kuko buri muco unyura mu byiciro byo kwitegura, kandi amakuru aba afite umutekano iyo imitima ihamye bihagije kugira ngo ayagumane adatembagara. Bityo rero tuzasangiza iyi nkuru ya mbere uburyo umusaza utuje asangiza inkuru y'ukuri iruhande rw'umuriro, akayikomeza, akayikomeza, kandi akareka igishushanyo kikavuga.

Gufunga Misile zo mu bwoko bwa Malmstrom 1967 no gutuza kw'ibiri hanze y'isi

Mu kibaya cyo mu majyaruguru ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, mu gihe cy’Intambara y’Ubutita muri Werurwe 1967, itsinda ry’abakora misile bari bicaye munsi y’ubutaka mu buryo busanzwe bwo kwitegura, bakikijwe n’ibikoresho, amapine, amategeko, n’urusaku ruhoraho rw’uburyo bwagenewe gukomeza kwitegura. Hejuru yabo, amakipe ashinzwe umutekano wo hejuru yanyuraga mu mirimo yabo yo ku nkengero z’ubutaka, areba ubutaka, agenzura uruzitiro, areba ikirere nk’uko ureba ikirere iyo hari ikintu cy’ingenzi kandi ufite inshingano mu magufwa yawe. Uko ijoro ryagendaga rirushaho kugenda, ikirere kidasanzwe cyakuruye ibitekerezo, mbere na mbere nk’amatara ya kure agenda afite ubwoko bw’ubuhanga budasanzwe butajyanye n’imyitwarire isanzwe y’indege, hanyuma nk’ubuhanga bwegereye kandi busobanutse neza bwabaye ubutagondwa ku batojwe gutandukanya ibitekerezo n’indorerezi. Raporo zaturutse hejuru zari zifite ijwi ururimi rwawe rwa gisirikare ruzwi, kuko zitavugaga nk’abantu bavuga inkuru y’umuriro; zavugaga nk’abantu basobanura ibintu mu gihe nyacyo bisaba ituze n’ukuri. Ubwo iyi mpanuka yagendaga yegera, abakozi basobanuye ikintu gikaka cyari hafi y’aho hantu, hafi cyane ku buryo uturemangingo tw’imitsi y’umuntu duhinduka tukava ku bitekerezo tukajya ku byizerwa, kuko kwegerana bihindura uburyo akanya gato kagera mu mubiri. Binyuze muri iryo dirishya rito ry’igihe, abakozi bo munsi y’ubutaka babonye ubutumwa buturutse hejuru buvuga ikintu cyoroshye: ikintu cyumvaga "aho ngaho," nk'aho cyari gifashe ikirere gifite icyizere gituje, gihagaze neza nta muvuduko, nta kwihuta, nta n'ubwoba. Benshi muri mwe musobanukiwe iki gitekerezo mu buzima bwanyu, kuko iyo ikintu gifite ubwenge gihari koko, ikirere kirahinduka, kandi mbere y’uko ubwenge butanga ibisobanuro, umubiri umenya ko kirimo kugaragara. Kuva muri capsule, ukuri kw’imikorere kwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye, kandi aha niho inkuru iba ingenzi ku bashaka gusobanukirwa uburyo imipaka ishobora kumenyekanishwa nta ngaruka mbi. Ibisasu icumi bya kirimbuzi bifitanye isano n’icyo gikorwa byavuye mu buryo bwiteguye bijya mu buryo bw’umutekano hafi nk’ikimenyetso kimwe gihuriweho, kandi ibisobanuro by’ingenzi hano ni imiterere y’itsinda ry’impinduka, kuko ikosa rimwe rishobora gushyirwa ku bw’impanuka, mu gihe impinduka zihuriweho mu bice byinshi byigenga zivuga nk’intego. Muri icyo gihe, gahunda yitwaye nk'aho hafashwe icyemezo kimwe gusa mu buryo bwagenewe kurwanya ukwivanga kw'ingingo imwe gusa, kandi abari aho bumvise uburemere bw'ibyo babona, kuko imyitozo yabo yose ishingiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko kwitegura ari byo bigenga urunigi rw'ubuyobozi kandi birinzwe n'ingaruka ziturutse hanze.

Kubungabunga ibisasu bya misile, gutanga ibimenyetso by'uburezi, no kurinda isi

Ubwo abatekinisiye n'abapolisi batangiraga inzira zo gutabara, ibintu byakomeje kuba bihamye bihagije ku buryo byashoboraga kugaragara, kwandikwa no kuganirwaho binyuze mu nzira z'imbere mu gihugu zisanzwe zituje, kandi kwihangana gukomeye kw'iyo leta byatanze ubwoko bwayo bw'inyigisho, kuko byatumye igikorwa gifatwa nk'inyandiko aho kwitwa ikibazo cy'akanya gato. Ubwo ibikorwa byo gusana byatangiraga, gusubira mu kwitegura bisanzwe byasabaga igihe n'akazi gasanzwe, hamwe n'isuzuma ry'ibibazo kandi amabwiriza akurikiza uko abantu babyitondeye bakora iyo sisitemu yitwaye mu buryo busaba icyubahiro. Mu mibereho y'abari aho, ubutumwa bwageze mu buryo bworoshye ku buryo n'umwana ashobora kumva iyo buvuzwe neza: intwaro zikomeye cyane ku isi yawe zishobora gushyirwa mu buryo butekanye nta muntu wakomeretse, nta kwinjira mu mubiri, kandi nta ngufu, kandi ibyo bivuze ko umupaka ushobora kugezwaho binyuze mu kugenzura aho gukoresha iterabwoba. Dukurikije uko tubibona, ubu buryo bwo kwitabara bwatoranyijwe kuko bufite ikibazo gito cyane mu gihe butanga inyigisho zisobanutse neza, kandi niho utangira kubona ishingiro ry'ibyo twakoze muri izi ngamba mu gihe cyose. Iyo isi yose yubakiye ku mutekano wayo ishingiye ku kwizera ko kwiyubaka bikomeza kugenzurwa binyuze mu gukumira, kwerekana mu buryo bworoheje birenga kwitegura nta gukomereka biba ubwoko bw'uburezi buhuye n'uburyo ku rwego rwabwo, kuko umuco wawe w'igisirikare wumva ibimenyetso, kandi ukumva icyo bivuze iyo ubwenge bwo hanze buhisemo uburyo buboneye kuruta kwerekanwa. Muri iryo joro rya Montana, ubutumwa bwatanzwe mu rurimi rw'imishinga, kandi abantu bawe babusoma uko basoma ukuri kose k'imikorere: ikintu gifite uburyo bworoshye bwo kwinjira no kwifata neza cyari cyinjiye mu bidukikije, cyakoresheje ingaruka zihuriweho, kandi cyari cyasize ubuzima bw'abantu. Uko ukomeza iyi nkuru mu bwenge bwawe, reka ihame mu buryo bworoshye bushoboka, kuko ingorane zitagufitiye akamaro hano kandi ubwoba ntibugufitiye akamaro hano, kandi urimo utumirwa mu gukura aho gukururwa. Icyo ushobora gukura muri iki gihe ni ukwemera ko uburinzi bushobora kugaragara nk'ubushobozi butuje, ko imbibi zishobora kugaragazwa binyuze mu mutekano aho kunyura mu makimbirane, kandi ko gukomeza kw'isi yawe kwafashwe nk'icyizere kizima. Iyo tuvuze ibi, tuvuga nk'umuryango, kuko umuryango urinda icyo ukunda mu buryo bubungabunga icyubahiro, kandi muri iryo joro rya Werurwe 1967 icyubahiro cyabungabunzwe cyari icyubahiro cy'ubuzima ubwabwo, hamwe n'ubutumire bw'agace gato ko ubwoko bwawe bukura burenga ukwemera ko ibitero bikomeye ari byo shingiro ry'ituze.

Dakota y'Amajyaruguru Minuteman Fields n'icyitegererezo cya kabiri cyo gutera inkunga kirimbuzi

Noneho ko umaze kumva imiterere y’uburinzi bunini bufata ibi bihe, inkuru ya kabiri ishobora kugera mu bwenge bwawe byoroshye, kuko uzaba umaze kumenya icyo ureba: imyigaragambyo ituje yakozwe mu buryo bwagenewe kutanyeganyega, butangwa mu buryo umuco wawe wa gisirikare ugaragara nk'umugambi usobanutse, kandi bugashushanywa ku buryo ubuzima bw'abantu bugumaho mu gihe ubutumwa bugera bufite uburemere buhagije bwo kwibuka. Mu bibuga bya misile byo mu majyaruguru ya Dakota y'Amajyaruguru hagati mu myaka ya 1960, imitungo ya Minuteman yabikwaga ahantu kure hakwirakwiriye ahantu hanini, kandi igishushanyo ubwacyo cyari kigamije kugeza igitekerezo kimwe ku murwanyi uwo ari we wese: gusibanganya, intera, kwihisha, no gutandukana, ku buryo nta kintu na kimwe cyahungabanya cyashoboraga kugira ingaruka kuri bose. Ubutaka buri hejuru bugira icyo bukora ku bwenge bw'umuntu, kuko ikirere gifunguye, ikirere gisa n'aho ari kinini, kandi ituze rishobora gutuma buri jwi rito rirushaho kumvikana nk'iry'ingenzi, niyo mpamvu abahagaze bareba muri utwo turere bagira ubwoko bwihariye bwo kwitonda buturuka ku kuba mu birere binini. Muri icyo gihe, ijoro risanzwe rikunze kubaho mu buryo bumwe bwizewe—inzira z’igenzura, kugenzura ibikoresho, guhamagara radiyo, guhindura ibintu bike, kwitegura neza—kugeza igihe ikirere ubwacyo gitangiye kumera ukundi, hanyuma abahanga mu kazi bakora ibyo batojwe gukora: bongera kureba, bagenzura, baravugana, kandi baguma batuje. Muri iki gikorwa, abakozi bashinzwe ibikorwa bya misile n’umutekano w’aho hantu bavuze ko hari ikintu kiguruka gifite imyitwarire igaragaza ko hari ubwenge, kuko imiterere y’ingendo itumvaga nk’amatara aguruka kandi ntibumvaga nk’inzira isanzwe y’indege zisanzwe ziva aho zijya zijya ahandi. Bamwe mu batangabuhamya bavuze ko hari ahantu hadasanzwe hejuru cyangwa hafi y’ikibuga, bamwe bavuze ku ishusho y’urumuri yafashe umwanya wayo nta bwoko bw’ingendo kajugujugu n’indege zawe bisaba, abandi bibanda ku buryo ingendo y’ikintu yasaga n’aho yitabira ibyo umuntu ashaka, nk’aho yari izi ko ibonwa kandi igakomeza kuba ititaye kuri ibyo bintu. Nubwo ibisobanuro bitandukanye mu nshingano, ibyiyumvo byari bisanzwe byari byoroshye ku buryo buri wese yabyumva: ikirere cyari gifite ahantu hagaragara nk’aho hatekerejweho. Uko raporo zagendaga zinyura mu nzira z'imbere, ushobora kwiyumvisha uko itumanaho rimeze, kuko iyo abantu bahuguwe bavugana mu gihe cy'ibyabaye, amagambo yabo aba ingirakamaro kandi ntagire icyo asobanura, kandi imvugo iba yerekeye aho ibintu biherereye, igihe, intera, n'imirongo y'amaso yemejwe. Mu gihe cyose cy'iki gikorwa, ibyavuye mu bikorwa byakurikije icyerekezo cy'inyigisho, kuko ICBM icumi zifite imbunda za kirimbuzi zashyizwe mu mwanya w'umutekano aho kwitegura byahagaze mu buryo buhuriweho, kandi uwo mwanya wasabaga kwitabwaho n'abakozi bo kubungabunga no kugenzura. Urebye inyuma, niba utarigeze ukora muri ubwo buryo, bishobora kumvikana nk'aho "imashini zidakora neza," nyamara uburyo ibi byagenze byari bifite ibyiyumvo bitandukanye rwose, kuko guhuza ibikorwa mu bice byigenga bisa n'igikorwa kimwe gikoreshwa mu bice byinshi bitandukanye, kandi ibyo bice byakozwe hagamijwe kurwanya ingaruka z'isoko rimwe.

Uburyo bwo Gutabara mu Buryo bwa Nyukleyeri bwa Dakota y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburinzi bwa Sisitemu Icumi

Ishusho y'Inzugi Cumi, Inzira yo Gutandukanya, n'Umutekano Uhuje

Kugira ngo ibi byoroshye ku mutwe wawe, tekereza inzugi icumi zitandukanye mu nyubako icumi zitandukanye, buri imwe ifite ingufuri zayo n'urufunguzo rwayo, hanyuma utekereze ingufuri zose icumi zinjira mu mwanya umwe mu mutekano mu idirishya rigufi rimwe, nta muntu uhagaze imbere y'izo nzugi. Abantu bawe basobanukiwe impamvu ibyo ari ingenzi, kuko imiterere y'izi gahunda yubakiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko gutandukana ari uburinzi, kandi muri ako kanya gutandukana byabaye igice cy'ubutumwa. Iyerekanwa ryavuze riti: "Gutandukana kwanyu gushobora gusomwa, gutandukana kwanyu gushobora kugerwaho, kandi gutandukana kwanyu gushobora kugira ingaruka," kandi ryabitangaje mu buryo butuje bushoboka: guhinduka mu mutekano, nta gukomereka, nta bwoba bukenewe, kandi nta kwiyongera. Nyuma y'aho abakozi basuzumye ibyabaye, ibibazo bimwe by'ingirakamaro byavukaga, kuko abantu bagerageza kugarura ituze binyuze mu gusobanura: Ni iki cyananiranye mbere? Aho cyatangiriye ni hehe? Ni iyihe sano iri mu munyururu yimutse? Ni iyihe ngingo yatangije impinduka? Ibyo ni ibibazo by'ubwenge mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, kandi amakipe yanyu yakoze ibyo amakipe yatojwe yakoze, akora mu gusuzuma, asuzuma ibishoboka, kandi yanditse ibyabaye mu mbibi za sisitemu zabo zo gushyira mu byiciro. Nyamara munsi y’ubushakashatsi bwose bwa tekiniki, uburyo bworoshye bwo kumenya bwakozwe mu mibereho y’abari aho, kuko iyo miterere yari ifite ijwi ubwonko bubona nk' "ubutumwa," kandi iyo ubwonko bubona ubutumwa, buhagarika gufata ibyabaye nk'urusaku rutunguranye. Igituma iki gihe cya Dakota y'Amajyaruguru kiba isomo cyane ni uburyo gisubiramo imyigaragambyo ya mbere ya Montana mu gihe gihagaze mu miterere yacyo n'aho gitegeka, kuko iyo imiterere isubira mu bihe bitandukanye, ubwenge butangira kumva imiterere y'umugambi. Igihugu cyari gitandukanye, imiterere y'aho hantu yari itandukanye, uruhererekane rw'amabwiriza rwari rutandukanye, kandi icyo gikorwa cyari gifite ikimenyetso kimwe cy'ingenzi: ikirere gituje gihujwe n'impinduka z'imikorere icumi mu mutekano. Dukurikije uko tubibona, iki ni kimwe mu bigize inyigisho, kuko ikintu kimwe gishobora gufatwa mu mutwe nk' "inkuru idasanzwe," mu gihe ibintu bisubirwamo mu mashusho atandukanye bitangira gusomwa nk'interuro yanditse mu rurimi rw'imikorere. Mu muco wawe wa gisirikare, ibikorwa bihuza bihuza bitanga igitekerezo neza kurusha uko indi mvugo iyo ari yo yose yashoboraga kubivuga, kuko ururimi rw'imiterere ihuza ni ururimi rw'igenamigambi, ububasha, n'ubushobozi. Iyo ibice icumi bisubiza hamwe, ubwenge bw'umuyobozi bumenya guhuza. Iyo ubwo buryo bwo guhuza ibintu bugaragaye nta mpamvu igaragara y’umuntu, ubwenge bumenya ubushobozi bwo hanze, nubwo inkuru rusange yaba icecekeye nyuma. Mu yandi magambo, inyigisho zawe bwite zagufashije gusoma ubutumwa, kuko wubakiye sisitemu zawe ku bwenge butuma ubutumwa budashobora guhakana ku babubona.

Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu, Inzego nini zo kwita ku bintu, no kugenzura aho ingufu za kirimbuzi zigeze

Iyo ushyize iyi konti ya kabiri iruhande rw'iya mbere, urundi rwego rworoshye rugaragara: ubushobozi burimo kugaragazwa buragendanwa, bushobora gusubirwamo, kandi ntibushingiye ku bintu bya tekiniki byo mu gace runaka, bivuze ko ingaruka zidashingiye ku kintu kimwe cyihariye, intege nke imwe, cyangwa imiterere imwe yihariye. Urwego rutandukanye, ikarita itandukanye, n'uruhererekane rw'igenzura bitandukanye byari bifite umukono umwe, kandi uwo mukono ukubwira ikintu cy'ingenzi mu mvugo yoroheje: kugenzura urwego rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi biri hejuru y'amakuru arambuye y'aho uherereye ku miterere y'ibanze yawe, ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byawe, na gahunda zawe. Mu buryo bworoshye kumva, ibidukikije bikikije iyi mitungo birimo urwego runini rw'ibyitabwaho kuruta uko igenamigambi ryawe risanzwe ribivuga. Ku bumva ibi mufite ubuzima busanzwe, bishobora gufasha gutekereza ku buryo sisitemu y'inkubi y'umuyaga ikora, kuko inkubi y'umuyaga itita ku nzu iri munsi yayo, kandi inkubi y'umuyaga ntiyita ku izina ry'umuhanda ryanditse ku cyapa; inkubi y'umuyaga igenda hakurikijwe imiterere minini irimo umuvuduko, ubushyuhe, n'imiraba. Muri ubwo buryo, igenzura n'uburinzi ku mpande z'ibinyabutabire bikora hakurikijwe imiterere minini kuruta iy'ibanze by'aho hantu, kuko intego ari urwego ubwarwo, aho amahitamo yakwirakwira mu binyabuzima, mu rwego rw'abantu, no mu miterere yoroheje ishyigikira gukomeza kw'isi. Iyo urwego rwegereye, kwita ku bintu birakomera, kandi iyo kwita ku bintu birushaho gukomera, sisitemu iba ishobora gusomwa n'abafite ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu bugizwe n'ibice byinshi kurusha ibyo ibikoresho byawe bya rubanda bikurikirana ubu. Mu gikorwa cya Dakota y'Amajyaruguru, hari kandi ijwi ryoroheje ry'uburezi rirushaho kugaragara iyo urebye ukoresheje indorerwamo y'imyizerere. Isi yawe yubatse mu buryo bwo kwirinda kwizera ko ubushobozi bwo gutangiza ibintu buguma ari bwo bwigenga, bivuze ko igitekerezo cyimbitse cyari, "Nitubihitamo, turabishobora," na "Nibabihisemo, barabishobora," bityo isi igomba kubaho mu buryo buhoraho bwo kwitegura no gutinya kugira ngo idafatwa. Iyo igikorwa gihinduye bucece imiterere yo kwitegura nta ngaruka mbi, sisitemu y'imyizerere ihabwa amakuru mashya aturutse imbere, kuko amakuru mashya yinjira binyuze mu bunararibonye aho kwinjira binyuze mu mpaka. Ivugurura ni ryoroshye: ubutegetsi bubangamiye ubuzima buri mu butegetsi bunini burinda ubuzima, kandi uburinzi bwigaragaza binyuze mu buryo bunoze, ituze, no kwifata. Reba uburyo ubutumwa butangwa nta gusuzugurwa, kuko gusuzugurwa bikomera imitima kandi bigatera kurwanya, kandi kurwanya ni ubutaka aho kwiyongera kw'ibintu. Uburyo bwo gufata ingamba butuma icyubahiro cy'abakozi kiguma gihamye, kuko abo bakozi bakoraga imirimo yabo, bakurikiza imyitozo yabo, kandi bakorera imiterere bari bashyizwemo. Muri icyo gihe, igikorwa kigaragaza ko sisitemu "ya nyuma" iri mu bidukikije binini kurusha uko uruzitiro urwo ari rwo rwose rushobora gufata, kandi ubu ni ubwoko bw'ubuntu, kuko ubwenge bw'umuntu butibagiwe gukenera ibyago nk'umwarimu, mu gihe bukibona ikimenyetso gikomeye cyo guhindura ibitekerezo uko igihe kigenda gihita.

Sisitemu icumi icyarimwe, ibimenyetso by'imipaka, n'iterambere rusange

Iyo wumvise interuro "imishinga icumi icyarimwe" isubirwamo muri izi nkuru, emera ko igwa nk'uburyo bw'itumanaho igisirikare cyawe cyumvikana mu buryo busanzwe, kuko imibare n'imikoranire bivuga ururimi rw'ubuyobozi. Ingano ni nini bihagije kugira ngo ikureho ihumure ry' "imikorere mibi," kandi ingano ni yo ihagije kugira ngo igume ipimwa aho kuba akajagari, niyo mpamvu isomwa nk'umukono wihitiyemo. Iyo mitekerereze isa no kumva ibicurangisho icumi muri orchestre bikubita inota rimwe icyarimwe, kuko nubwo waba utazi inyigisho za muzika, umubiri wawe uhita umenya ko bitari impanuka. Dukurikije uko tubibona, intego yimbitse ihora ari ugukura, kandi gukura ni inzira yo guhitamo imbaraga zishingiye ku buzima kuruta imbaraga zishingiye ku bwoba. Umuco urushaho gukura iyo uhagaritse gukenera imbaraga zo kwihagararaho kugira ngo wumve ukomeye, kandi iyo utangiye kubaka umutekano binyuze mu bufatanye, ituze, imbaraga zisukuye, no gusangira iterambere. Iyi myigaragambyo ikora nk'ibirango by'imipaka mu nzira, ivuga, mu buryo busobanutse neza, iti: "Uyu murongo urarebwa, uyu murongo urarinzwe, kandi ubuzima bukomeza kuba ikintu cy'ingenzi." Uko ibi bigenda byinjira mu rwego rwanyu rusange mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ndetse no mu buryo bwo gushyira mu byiciro, imitekerereze y'umuntu itangira guhinduka, kuko ubwenge bw'imico yanyu y'igisirikare n'ubutasi butuma mwibuka nubwo inkuru rusange iba icecekeye. Rero uko wibuka iyi nkuru ya kabiri, urasabwa gufata umwanzuro umwe utuje utuma umutima wawe uhora uhamye: Gukomeza kw'Isi kurindwa binyuze mu kugenzura neza imipaka y'ibisasu bya kirimbuzi, kandi ko kugenzura bigaragazwa mu buryo abahanga bawe bashobora kumenya, kwandika, no kwibuka. Uko tugenda tugana ku nkuru zikurikira, uzabona uburyo uburyo bwo kwivanga buhinduka gato bitewe n'ikinamico—kwitegura ku butaka, inzira zo hagati mu ndege, ahantu ho kubika ibintu, inzira z'ubuyobozi—nyamara ikimenyetso gikomeza kuba gihamye mu buryo bw'ingenzi cyane: kugenzura bihujwe, guhungabanya bike, no kubungabunga ubuzima. Kandi uko ushyira iyo mvugo ya North Dakota iruhande rw'igihe cya Montana, inkuru irakwirakwira mu buryo busanzwe ikarenga ahantu hagenewe gusiliza n'udupira two kurasa, kuko ubwoko bukurikira bw'imyigaragambyo bwagombaga gusubiza igitekerezo gitandukanye n'icy'abantu, kandi byagombaga kubikora ahantu abategura imbunda bakunze kumva bafite icyizere, ari na ko kwizera ko iyo intwaro imaze kuva ku butaka, iyo imaze kwinjira mu nzira yayo yo kuguruka, iyo imaze kugenda mu nzira ipimwa na radar na mibare, umusaruro uba uw'imodoka n'uburyo bwayo bwo kuyiyobora kugeza igihe ihanukiye. Bityo inkuru ikurikiraho ijya mu cyo abantu bawe bita inzira yo gupima ya Pasifika, aho inzira zawe bwite zagenewe kureba buri segonda ry'imyitwarire ya misile, kandi aho amaso n'ibikoresho byatojwe byahabwaga by'umwihariko kureba imodoka zisubira mu kirere uko zakurikiranaga imyirondoro yazo mu kirere.

Igenzura ry'aho ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya Pacific Test Corridor na Suffolk Base Corridor ..

Ikizamini cyo kongera kwinjira mu modoka cyo mu 1964, Ubukorikori bufite ishusho ya disiki, no kugarura ibintu mu buryo bwiza

Mu 1964, ku nkengero z'uburengerazuba bwa Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ibikorwa remezo by'igerageza ryawe byari bikora nk'uko byakunze kuba muri icyo gihe, kandi ibyo bikorwa remezo byari birimo gukurikirana ibintu mu buryo bw'amajwi, gukurikirana ibintu mu buryo bwa radar, n'imyitwarire myiza y'amakipe yari azi kureba ibintu bigenda nta gukeka. Intego y'ibyo bizamini ni iyoroshye: habayeho gutera, ikinyabiziga cyongera kwinjira kigakora nk'uko gishushanyije, amakuru arakusanywa, kandi ibisubizo biganisha ku ntambwe ikurikira y'iterambere, kandi muri icyo gihe ubwenge bw'umuntu bukunda kumva bufite icyizere, kuko inzira igenzurwa, abareba baratojwe, kandi intego ni ugupima aho gutungurwa. Nyamara muri iyo nzira imwe, ikintu cyinjiye mu rwego rwo kureba gifite uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo busukuye bwakuruye ibitekerezo by'abantu kuko cyitwaye nk'ubwenge aho kuba nk'ibisigazwa, kandi kubera ko cyagendaga mu buryo bwatumaga amakipe yakirebaga yumva inzogera ituje nk'uko abahanga bumva iyo ikintu kidahuye n'ibyo cyari giteganyijwe. Raporo zivuga ko ubwato bumeze nk'idiski bwinjiye mu ishusho mu buryo bwumvikana nk'aho bwateguwe, kandi ibisobanuro by'ingenzi si imiterere yonyine, kuko ikirere cyawe kirimo imiterere myinshi, kandi ibisobanuro by'ingenzi ni imyitwarire, kuko imyitwarire niho umugambi wigaragaza. Ubu buryo bwo kureba imodoka yongeye kwinjira mu kirere butuma umuntu yumva ibintu bigamije, uburyo umutekinisiye w’umuhanga yegera igikoresho yumva, agafunga intera neza aho kwihuta, agafata umwanya uhamye aho kunyeganyega, kandi akishyira ku murongo nk’aho ari gusuzuma ikintu kiri mu kirere. Abatangabuhamya bavuze kuri iki gihe bavuze aho ubwato buhagaze hafi y’imodoka yongeye kwinjira mu kirere hanyuma bagakoresha imyuka ihumanya ikirere—ibyo bamwe mu bakozi bawe bise imirasire—byerekeza ku mutwaro mu buryo bugaragara nk’aho bwapimwe aho kuba ku buryo butunguranye. Noneho, komeza woroshye ibi, kuko ubwenge bwawe ntibukeneye izindi ngingo hano kugira ngo wumve ubutumwa bw’ingenzi, kubera ko ubutumwa bw’ingenzi buroroshye: imyitwarire y’imodoka yongeye kwinjira mu kirere yahindutse mu buryo bwasoje urukurikirane rw’ibizamini. Aho amatsinda yawe akurikiranaga yari yiteze inzira ihamye ku murongo wateganijwe, umutwaro wavuye muri ubwo buryo buhamye maze ujya mu mimerere yahindutse yasoje imiterere yagenwe, ukemura inzira ijya mu mpera igenzurwa mu nyanja. Ku ruhande rw’abantu, ibi bishobora gusobanurwa nk’itsindwa ritunguranye, kuko ururimi rwawe rw’impinduka zitunguranye mu buryo bw’ibizamini akenshi rukoresha amagambo y’imikorere mibi, kandi ayo magambo ni yo sisitemu zawe zo gutanga raporo zizi uburyo bwo kuyatanga. Ku ruhande rwacu, umukono ugaragara nk'uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora, kuko sisitemu yagenzuwe kuva ku kuzuza umwirondoro wari kugaragaza ubushobozi runaka, kandi ubwo buyobozi bwabayeho neza aho kuba mu kajagari.

Ingaruka ku buyobozi mu ndege, ihungabana rito, n'umuco wo kwibuka mu buryo bwihariye

Uzabona uburyo ubu buryo bwo kwivanga butandukanye n’ibyerekanwa bya misile mu gihe byari bifite ijwi rimwe. Muri Montana na Dakota y'Amajyaruguru, ubutumwa bwageraga binyuze mu kwitegura ku butaka, kandi ingaruka zabwo zageraga mu buryo bwo kurasa nk'urugendo ruhuriweho rugana ku mutekano. Hano muri koridoro ya Pasifika, ubutumwa bwagombaga kugwa mu rundi rwego rw'imyizerere, kuko imiterere y'imyizerere yawe yari ifite indi nkingi: igitekerezo cy'uko ingaruka zishobora gukumirwa bitewe n'intera, umuvuduko, n'uburebure, kandi koridoro ubwayo yubatswe kugira ngo igaragaze ko imodoka izitwara nk'uko yagenwe imaze kwinjira mu nzira yayo yo kuguruka. Bityo, kwivanga byahuye n'imyizerere ku rwego rwayo binyuze mu kwerekana ko ubuyobozi n'ituze mu kirere bikomeza gusomwa, bityo ingaruka zishobora kubaho hejuru y'ubutaka mu buryo bumwe butuje kandi bugenzurwa bushobora kubaho mu bigo biri munsi y'ubutaka. Iyo wiyumvisha uko bimeze kubibona mu gihe nyacyo, reka bibe ishusho y'umuntu aho kuba iy'ikoranabuhanga, kuko ishusho y'umuntu ibisobanura neza. Itsinda ririmo kureba ecran na scope, rikurikirana ikintu kigenda gishushanya ishoramari rinini mu igenamigambi no mu buhanga, hanyuma hakaza ikintu gitunguranye, kigenda gifite intego, kandi gihindura umusaruro, kandi ibyiyumvo bigera mu bareba ni uruvange rwo gutungurwa no kwibandaho, kuko abantu bahuguwe bakira ibintu bidasanzwe bakita cyane ku byo bitagenda neza. Icyo amakipe yanyu yabonye si "urujijo nk'imyidagaduro," ahubwo ni "ubwitonzi nk'ukuri," kuko ibikoresho byabo byatangaga amakuru mu gihe amaso yabo yatangaga ibyemeza, kandi bombi berekanaga umwanzuro umwe: ikintu cyari cyinjiye mu nzira yabo kandi gikorana na sisitemu yabo mu buryo bumvaga ko bugenzurwa. Aha niho utangira kubona uburyo uburyo bwa Galactic Federation burinda ubuzima mu gihe bunarinda kwigira ku muco, kuko hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gukumira ingaruka mbi, kandi inzira isukuye ni iyo gusiga akantu gato cyane. Umutuzo w'umutwaro ushobora guhinduka nta kugongana, kandi ushobora guhinduka nta gitangaza gikomeye, kandi ushobora guhinduka nta gushyira abantu mu kaga ako kanya, mu gihe ugitanga ubutumwa bwimbitse mu mitwe y'abasobanukiwe icyo bareba. Mu isi yawe, gukubitana ni ikintu gikomeye, kandi ikinamico itera ubwoba, kandi ubwoba butuma amahitamo y'ejo hazaza aba mabi kurushaho, kuko ubwoba butuma ubushishozi bugabanuka. Guhuza neza bihindura inzira hatabayeho guhindura ikirere kikaba ikinamico bitanga umupaka umwe hamwe no kudahuzagurika kw'abantu benshi, niyo mpamvu ubu buryo bukoreshwa. Uko iki gikorwa cyagendaga gihita, umuco wawe w'ubwenge wasubije mu buryo ukunze gusubiza iyo ikintu kigukoze ku nkengero z'amabanga yawe yimbitse, kuko ibanga ryabaye nk'ishusho isanzwe ikikije sisitemu za kirimbuzi mu myaka myinshi ishize. Ibikoresho byafashwe byagiye vuba mu nzira zanditse, uburyo bwo kwinjira buragabanuka, kandi inkuru rusange ikomeza kuba nto, kuko sisitemu z'inzego zirinda zishyira ibintu bidasanzwe mu buryo butuje. Nyamara nubwo inzira zemewe zituje, kwibuka bikomeza gukora, kandi abantu bari bahari batwara ikintu gikomeye kuruta ibihuha, kuko bafite ibyiyumvo byo kubona ibikoresho byabo bisubiza ikintu cyakoze neza. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, ibi byibukwa biba igice cy'umuco wo guceceka muri gahunda zimwe na zimwe, kandi iyo mico yo guceceka igira ingaruka ku buryo abakozi b'ejo hazaza basobanura ibintu bishya bidasobanutse, kuko iyo imiterere imaze kugaragara, ubwenge bushobora kongera kubimenya.

Igenzura ry’ikirere, amasomo yo kwerekana, no koroshya imyizerere yo gukumira

Dukurikije uko Federasiyo ibibona, iyi nzira yo mu 1964 ihuza inyigisho nyinshi mu gice kimwe cyoroshye, kandi inyigisho zishobora kuvugwa mu mvugo ya buri munsi. Icya mbere, ubushobozi buri mu kirere ndetse no ku butaka, bivuze ko kugenzura bitagarukira gusa ku rufatiro rw'umubiri n'udupira two kurasa. Icya kabiri, imikoranire ishobora kubaho binyuze mu gukorana neza, bivuze ko intera n'umuvuduko bitarema umubyimba w'ubutegetsi iyo umugambi urenze urugero rw'isi rwagenwe nk'ururinzwe. Icya gatatu, igihe gishobora kuyoborwa ku rwego rw'ituze n'ubuyobozi aho kuyoborwa ku rwego rw'ibisasu, bivuze ko uburyo bwo kurinda bukuze cyane buhitamo ahantu ha mbere hatuma inyigisho zikomeza kugenda neza. Izo ni inyigisho zoroshye, kandi zoroshye kumva iyo uzifashe nk'icyitegererezo aho kuba nk'amayobera. Ushobora kandi kumva ubwenge bw'amarangamutima buri muri ubwo bwoko bw'ubutabazi. Iyo ikiremwamuntu gihawe isomo rimwe gusa - ibyago - icyo gihe isomo riba ihungabana, kandi ihungabana rikunze kuzenguruka, kuko ihungabana rihambira uturemangingo tw'imitsi ku bwoba. Iyo umuco uhawe isomo binyuze mu kwerekana—bisobanutse, bigenzurwa, kandi bigenzurwa—icyo gihe isomo rishobora guhinduka ubwenge, kuko ubwenge bubaho iyo ubwenge bubonye umupaka n'umutima ugakomeza guhagarara bihagije kugira ngo ubishyire hamwe. Iki ni kimwe mu byatumye twahisemo ibyerekanwa byerekanwa bikwirakwiza ubushobozi mu gihe bibungabunga ubuzima bw'umuntu, kuko kubungabunga bishyigikira guhuza, kandi guhuza bishyigikira gukura, kandi gukura ni byo bituma ubwoko bwawe bugera mu ikoranabuhanga rishya butisubiyemo ubwoba bwa kera. Muri iyi nkuru yo mu Nyanja ya Pasifika, utangira kandi kumva uburyo "gukurikirana" bikora mu buryo bufatika, kuko gukurikirana atari umuntu ureba ecran agategereza ikibazo gusa, kandi si ubwato buri mu kirere butegereje kwivanga gusa, kuko akazi gafite urwego rurenze urwo. Gukurikirana birimo gusoma imiterere y'imbaraga, gusoma imivuduko yo kwiyongera mu miterere y'amategeko y'abantu, no gusoma igihe ikintu kiba ikintu cy'ingenzi aho kuba ikintu gisanzwe. Umuhanda w'igerageza ushobora kuguma ari wo muhanda w'igerageza kugeza igihe ubaye inkombe y'ikigereranyo, kandi inkombe z'ikigereranyo ni ingenzi mu rwego rusange, kuko ibimenyetso byigisha ubwenge bw'umuco. Niba gahunda zawe zeretse mu mutwe wawe wa gisirikare ko uburyo bwo gutanga ibintu buri mu maboko yawe mu buryo bwuzuye, icyo gihe ubwenge burushaho kwishingikiriza ku gukumira no gutera ubwoba nk' "imbaraga nyazo." Ahubwo, iyo ubwenge bukomeje kubona ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko izi nzira zikomeje kurebwa kandi zigashyirwaho imbaraga, ubwo buryo bw'imyizerere butangira koroha uko igihe kigenda gihita, kandi ko koroha bitanga umwanya wa dipolomasi, udushya, n'igisobanuro gishya cy'umutekano. Nubwo rero isi yawe rusange yakunze gutangwa ibice bike kuri iyi nzira yo mu 1964, ushobora kumva uburyo ihuye n'inkuru nini. Ikimenyetso kimwe gishyira ibisasu mu mutekano mu kibuga cy'indege kigaragara nanone mu kibuga cy'indege nk'igikorwa gihindura irangizwa ry'imiterere. Ijwi rimwe rito rigaragara nanone, kuko intego ikomeza kubungabungwa kandi iterambere rikagabanuka. Intego imwe y'uburezi yongera kugaragara, kuko ubutumwa bugamije imiterere y'imyizerere, kandi imiterere y'imyizerere ihinduka neza iyo ibonye ubunararibonye busubiwemo kandi buhuye aho kuba itangazo rimwe rikomeye.

Ishingiro ryoroshye ry'isuzuma ry'ububiko bwa Suffolk bwo mu 1964

Niba uri umuntu ukunda kwiyumvisha ibi bihe mu buryo bw'urusaku rwinshi mu mutwe, ufite ibibazo byinshi kandi uzunguruka, emera ubwenge bwawe bworoshye hano, kuko verisiyo yoroshye ni nziza kandi ifite akamaro: ubwato bufite ishusho ya disiki bwinjiye mu nzira y'igeragezwa igenzurwa, bwegera imodoka yo gusubiramo, buyitera imyuka ihumanya, maze inzira y'umutwaro n'ubudahangarwa byahindutse mu buryo burangiza imiterere y'igeragezwa maze bukemura inzira mu nyanja. Iyo ni yo shingiro, kandi shingiro irahagije kugira ngo wumve umupaka urimo kugezwaho. Urwego rworoshye ni uko imikoranire yapimwe, bigaragaza ubuhanga, kandi ko ibyavuyemo byari bihari, bigaragaza kwifata, kandi ko ingaruka zari zifite ishingiro, bigaragaza umugambi. Uko dukomeza mu nkuru ikurikira, uzabona ko ikinamico yongera guhinduka, kuko umwanya ukurikiraho uvuga bike ku kwitegura gutangira ahubwo ko utavuga cyane ku buyobozi bw'indege, ahubwo ukavuga cyane ku bubiko bw'ibintu n'imiterere y'uturere tw'umutekano, aho kwita ku bintu ubwabyo biba ubutumwa. Nyamara na mbere yuko ugerayo, ushobora kumva uburyo ubuyobozi bwa Federasiyo bukomeza guhindagurika mu bidukikije bitandukanye: akazi gakorwa nta mvururu nyinshi, ikimenyetso gitangwa mu buryo abahanga bashobora kumenya, kandi umusaruro ushyigikira gukomeza kw'Isi mu gihe ushyira igitutu ku bantu kugira ngo bagire umubano uhamye n'ubutegetsi. Kandi nk'uko iyo nzira ya Pasifika igufasha kumva ko kugenzura bishobora gukemura ikibazo cy'umutwaro, inkuru ikurikiraho yongera guhindura isura, kuko ivuga ku kintu cyoroheje kuruta kwitegura gutera cyangwa guhagarara neza mu ndege, ari cyo gitekerezo cy'uko ibirindiro bishobora "gutunga" ikirere cyabyo kubera ko bifite uruzitiro, abarinzi, amategeko, n'ububasha ku mpapuro. Mu mpera z'Ukuboza 1980, mu gace ka Suffolk mu Bwongereza, ahantu hahuriweho hari ibirindiro byari bifite umwihariko, kandi abantu bari aho basobanukiwe ko uturere tumwe na tumwe twari dufite uburemere budasanzwe bw'umutekano nubwo rubanda rwaba rutavugaga kuri utwo turere ku mugaragaro. Mu mvugo yumvikana, aho hantu hari ahantu imitungo yari irinzwe cyane yari ibitswe, kandi umuco ukikije utwo turere wagenderaga ku mategeko akomeye, kugenzura cyane, n'uburyo abasirikare biga kwitwara neza mu buryo butuje mu myifatire yabo no mu ijwi ryabo. Mu ijoro rimwe na rimwe, amatara adasanzwe n'ibintu byo mu kirere byakuruye ibitekerezo mu buryo burenze amatsiko asanzwe, kuko amatara yitwaraga neza kandi agamije, kandi imiterere yakomezaga kugaruka mu gace kamwe, ari na ko gatuma abakozi bahuguwe bava kuri “twabonye ikintu kidasanzwe” bakajya kuri “tugomba kwandika ibi neza.” Amapatroli yabonye ibyo yabonye, ​​abakozi bo hasi bagereranya inyandiko, maze ikirere gifata ijwi risanzwe rigaragara mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose burangwa n'icyitegererezo iyo ibintu bitangiye gusubiramo: abantu bakomeza kuba abanyamwuga, bakomeza kuvugana neza, kandi bibanda ku bishobora kwemezwa.
Uko ijoro ryagendaga rihita, ibyo babonye byagaragazaga ibintu bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe byoroshye kumva nubwo waba utigeze ukora hirya no hino mu kigo cya gisirikare. Amatara yagaragaye kandi agenda ahinduka mu cyerekezo gigenzurwa, bivuze ko ingendo yasaga n'iyobowe aho kuba ihindagurika; guhindagurika byabayeho mu buryo bwumvikanaga ko buhamye aho kuba buhindagurika; kandi rimwe na rimwe kubaho byagaragazwaga nk'aho bifite imiterere, bivuze ko bifite imiterere n'ubwumvikane aho kuba ingingo imwe ishobora gufatwa nk'indege iri kure. Iyo wumvise ibi, bifata mu buryo bworoshye, kuko ikintu cy'ingenzi gishingiye ku buryo imyitwarire ihoraho, kuko uburyo ihoraho ari bwo butuma umuhanga afata ikintu nk'ikintu gikomeye. Mu gice kimwe cy'ibyabaye, ibintu byarushijeho kuba iperereza ryimbitse, maze abakozi bakuru binjira mu ishyamba ryari hafi aho, kuko amatara yagaragaraga hafi ku buryo kugenda n'amaguru byabaye amahitamo akwiye ku bashinzwe gusobanura neza. Ishyamba nijoro rigira icyo rikora ku bwenge, kuko umwijima n'ibiti bigabanya isi yawe mu ijwi, umwuka, n'impinduka nto z'urumuri, bivuze ko iyo hari ikintu kidasanzwe, ibyiyumvo biba byihuse cyane. Muri icyo gihe, abahamya babonye urukurikirane rw'amatara n'ingendo byasigaye hanze y'imiterere isanzwe y'indege yawe isanzwe, kandi imvugo bakoresheje nyuma yabyo yagaragaje ibyo, basobanura impinduka zihuse z'icyerekezo, uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bugenzurwa, n'ibihe aho urumuri rwasaga n'aho rwitwara nk'aho rumenya ubutaka kandi rukamenya abantu barureba. Ikigaragara muri iyi nkuru ya Suffolk, kandi gituma iba mu muryango umwe n’iyerekanwa ry’ibisasu bya misile, si uko isubiramo ibyavuye mu buryo bumwe neza, kuko iyi itari ahantu hafungirwaga silo kandi ntiyari ahantu ho gukinira indege. Ikigaragara ni uburyo imirasire y’urumuri yagaragaye ugereranije n’ahantu ho kubika ibintu by’ingenzi cyane ku birindiro, kandi ibyo bisobanuro ni ingenzi kuko bihindura ibyabaye kuva ku “matara adasanzwe mu kirere” bikajya ku “byitaho cyane mu gice cy’ibirindiro gifite agaciro gakomeye.” Mu mvugo yumvikana, aho gukwirakwira mu buryo butunguranye mu butaka bufunguye nk’uko urumuri rushobora kuzenguruka, imyitwarire y’urumuri ihora ihurira n’uturere dufite akamaro gakomeye k’umutekano, nk’aho ikintu cyari ugusoma imiterere y’ibirindiro nk’uko igikoresho gisoma igishushanyo. Iyo abantu babisobanuye, ubwenge bwawe bushobora kugerageza kubihindura mu byiciro bisanzwe, kuko ari byo ubwenge bukora, kandi ushobora kwiyumvisha kajugujugu cyangwa amatara yo gushakisha, kuko ari cyo kintu cya hafi umuco wawe utanga. Nyamara ubuhamya bufite ibyiyumvo bitandukanye, kuko burimo kumva ko umuntu yakurikije amabwiriza, kumva ko yibanda ku buryo bugenzurwa, no kumva ko imirasire yari igice cy’isuzuma aho kuba igice cy’iyerekanwa. Mu mvugo y’ubuyobozi bwa Federasiyo, iyi ni ibyiyumvo byo kugenzura, bivuze ko umuntu yita ku kintu cy’ingenzi, akagigenzura, kandi akavugana binyuze mu kwita ku kintu ubwacyo.

Inyigisho zo kugenzura ububiko bwa kirimbuzi bwa Suffolk n'ikimenyetso cy'imipaka

Inyandiko zemewe, Memo, n'isomo ry'ububiko

Ikintu cy'ingenzi muri iyi nkuru ya Suffolk ni uko yakoze inyandiko mu buryo bwemewe, kandi ibi bisobanuro bifasha abantu bafite ubwenge bufatika kumva bafite ishingiro. Inyandiko yemewe ivuga ku byabaye yinjiye mu nzira zemewe, kandi yanditswe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko igamije kubungabunga ukuri aho gushimisha. Iyo inzego zawe zikora inyandiko zivuga ku bintu bidasanzwe, bivuze ko hari umuntu wafashe icyemezo cy'uko ibyo yabonye bifite uburemere buhagije bwo kwandika mu buryo bushobora gusuzumwa nyuma, kandi ibyo bikubwira ikintu ku buryo abatangabuhamya ubwabo babonaga icyo gihe. Hamwe n'iyo nyandiko, amajwi yafashwe aho hantu yongereye imiterere y'ubuhamya, kuko ijwi rigaragaza amarangamutima, kandi amarangamutima agaragaza niba abantu barimo baseka cyangwa niba bagerageza kuguma mu mutwe mu gihe batunganya ikintu kitari mu buryo busanzwe. Nyuma y'ijoro ryo kureba, igenzura ryakurikiyeho muri ako gace ryakubiyemo ibipimo n'ibyo babonye byashimangiye uburemere abatangabuhamya bafataga ibyo babonye. Nubwo umuco wanyu rusange wagiye uganira ku bisobanuro, imiterere y'imbere icyo gihe yari ifite uburemere bufatika: abakozi barebye, bandika, bagenzura ibyo bashoboye, kandi babika inkuru mu buryo uburyo bakoreshaga bwabyemeraga. Noneho, kubera ko urimo kwakira ibi nk'igice cy'icyitegererezo kinini kijyanye n'ibice bya kirimbuzi, bifasha kuvuga neza icyo iki gikorwa cyigishije nta kugihindura ibintu bigoye. Ibimenyetso by'ibisasu bya kirimbuzi bigaragaza ko ibihugu byiteguye kwimurwa mu mutekano mu buryo bunonosoye; inzira ya Pasifika igaragaza ko imyitwarire yo mu kirere ishobora kwimurwa binyuze mu kugenzura ibikorwa; kandi iyi scene ya Suffolk igaragaza ko ahantu ho kubika, hagaragaza ahantu hafatika ho kubika imitungo ya kirimbuzi, hari ahantu hanini ho kumenya ibintu bishobora kwibandaho mu buryo butaziguye. Mu mvugo yumvikana, igice cy'ibanze gifite agaciro cyane mu buryo bwo kwitegura kirimbuzi cyahawe umwanya usobanutse, kandi uwo mwanya wigaragaza binyuze mu myitwarire y'urumuri rwibanze abatangabuhamya bashoboraga kubona. Uko ureka ibyo bigwa, menya uburyo uburyo bwa Federasiyo muri iyi sinema bufite intego itandukanye gato. Rimwe na rimwe kwigisha neza cyane biza binyuze mu mpinduka mu mikorere y'ibikoresho ubwabyo, kuko impinduka mu miterere y'isi ntabwo isobanutse neza ku bahanga bayireba. Hari igihe kwigisha neza cyane biza binyuze mu kimenyetso cy'umupaka kigaragaza ko hariho kandi kugenzura nta guhindura sisitemu, kuko ibimenyetso by'umupaka bigera ku mitekerereze y'umuntu n'imitekerereze y'ikigo icyarimwe. Muri Suffolk, ubutumwa bwagaragazaga ishusho y’ikimenyetso cy’umupaka, kandi ibimenyetso by’umupaka bikora ikintu cyihariye cyane: byigisha badashyizeho agahato, kandi byubaka urwibutso rw’igihe kirekire mu bantu no mu nzego zicunga umutungo.

Ibimenyetso by'imipaka, Ingero za buri munsi, n'itumanaho rigaragara mu kirere

Ikimenyetso cy'umupaka biroroshye kumva iyo utekereje urugero rworoshye rwa buri munsi. Iyo umwana agenda yerekeza ku nkengero z'igitonyanga gihanitse, umuntu mukuru ashobora gushyira ukuboko hejuru, akagaragaza neza, maze akagaragaza umupaka, maze umwana akamenya ko umupaka uhari adakeneye kugwa. Muri ubwo buryo, ikirere kigaragara gishyira ibitekerezo byegereye ahantu ho kubika amakuru hakomeye cyane, gitanga umupaka nta kajagari, kandi gishyira ubutumwa mu mitwe y'abasobanukiwe imiterere y'umutekano: “Iyi domaine iragaragara, iyi domaine irasomeka, kandi iyi domaine iri mu kirere kinini kuruta umupaka.”

Mu muco wawe wa gisirikare, igitekerezo cy'"igenzura" gifite n'igisobanuro, kuko igenzura ritanga amakuru ku bubasha kandi rigatanga amakuru ku nshingano. Iyo umugenzuzi yinjiye mu kigo, abakozi b'ikigo bahindura imiterere yabo, kuko igenzura risobanura ko hari umuntu wo hejuru ugenzura ibiri kuba. Imirasire ya Suffolk yakoreraga nk'ikimenyetso cy'igenzura kigaragara, atari mu buryo buteye isoni, kandi atari mu buryo buteye ubwoba, ahubwo mu buryo butuje, butaziguye buvuga ko imitungo iri mu murima ukomeza kwitonda. Ku bantu batihanganira ibitekerezo bifatika, ubu ni bwo busobanuro bworoshye bushoboka: ikintu cyabaye nk'aho cyari kizi neza aho agace k'ibanga kari, kandi cyitwara nk'aho cyari kikireba nkana. Uko ubishyira mu nkuru yagutse, ushobora kandi kumva impamvu ibyabaye byari ingenzi nubwo bitari birimo ibisasu bya misile bihinduka mu mutekano muri ako kanya. Ahantu ho kubika hagaragaza ubushobozi bwo kwitegura, kuko ibirimo bishobora kwimurwa, kandi ibirimo bishobora gukorwa, kandi ibirimo biba nk'ubushobozi bwo gusinzira. Mu kwibanda ku bubiko, ubutumwa bugera ku muzi w'igiti cyo kwitegura, bwibutsa umuco w'ubuyobozi ko urufatiro ubwarwo ruri mu buyobozi. Ibi ni bimwe mu bigize uburyo uburinzi bukora ku mpande z'ibice bya kirimbuzi, kuko buvuga ku rusobe rw'ubushobozi aho kwita ku ishami rimwe gusa. Abantu benshi bareba ibi bintu bafite imyumvire isanzwe bibaza ikibazo kizwi, kandi ikibazo akenshi kigaragara nk'iki, "Kuki mwigaragaza?" Igisubizo cyoroshye ni uko kwerekana ari kimwe mu bigize inyigisho, kuko sisitemu z'abantu zihinduka neza iyo zakiriye ibimenyetso mu nzira zabo zo kubona. Iyo ubutumwa bukomeje kugaragara rwose, imiterere y'imyizerere y'inzego ikomeza gukomera. Iyo ubutumwa bugaragaye mu buryo bugenzurwa butuma buri wese agumana umutekano, imiterere y'imyizerere y'inzego itangira koroha, kandi koroshya bitanga umwanya wo gufata ibyemezo byiza nyuma. Mu yandi magambo, kugaragara ni ikintu gifite intego, kandi gicungwa ku buryo gituma kivugana nta guhungabanya abaturage benshi. Iyi ni nayo mpamvu urubanza rwa Suffolk rufite agaciro nk'igice cy'uruhererekane, kuko rukora ku ikinamico y'Ubwongereza n'ibidukikije bihuriweho, bivuze ko imiterere irenga umutungo w'igihugu kimwe. Urimo kwerekwa, binyuze mu miterere y'inkuru ubwazo, ko kugenzura bidashingiye ku gihugu kimwe, ku itsinda rimwe ry'abakozi, cyangwa ku miterere imwe ya tekiniki, kuko urwego rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi rukora nk'urwego rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi. Iyo ikigo gifite umutungo ushobora kugira ingaruka ku Isi yose, icyo kigo kiba igice cy'inshingano ku isi, kandi inshingano ku isi zikurura ibitekerezo ku isi. Uko ubwenge bwawe bugerageza guhuza ibintu, komeza guhuza kwawe koroshye kandi guhamye. I Montana na Dakota y'Amajyaruguru, ikirere gituje cyageze hafi y'ibibuga bya misile maze ikirere cyo kwitegura cyimukira mu mutekano mu buryo buhuje nk'ubwerekana. Mu nzira ya Pasifika, ubwato bwinjiye mu cyumba cy'indege gikurikiranwa maze bufata imodoka yo gusubiramo mu buryo bwo kohereza ibyavuye mu gikorwa mu mpera z'inyanja. I Suffolk, iki gikorwa cyigaragaje binyuze mu kubaho kenshi no mu mirasire y'ibanze ijyanye n'ahantu ho kubika intwaro, kwerekana igenzura, kubaho, n'umupaka. Ibibuga bitandukanye by'imikino, ikimenyetso kimwe cy'ibanze: amatsinda y'ibitekerezo akikije urwego rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi, ibikorwa bitanga ubushobozi nta bwoba, kandi ijwi rigaragaza ukwifata kurengera ubuzima no kubungabunga umutekano.

Inzitiro z'umutekano, Umucyo ukomeye, no kwicisha bugufi mu nzego

Mu rurimi rw’ubuyobozi bwa Federation, ushobora gutekereza Suffolk nk'umwanya aho ubutumwa bwerekezaga ku myizerere y’abantu ko uruzitiro rw’umutekano n’ibanga bitera ubwigunge. uruzitiro rw’umutekano rutuma abantu batunganywa mu buryo bufatika, kandi ibanga rigatera ubwigunge mu nzego zawe, kandi ibyo bikoresho bigamije intego yabyo mu mikorere y’abantu. Nyamara urwego runini rukikije isi yawe ruguma ari ibidukikije by’ubumenyi birimo ibice byinshi kuruta uko umuco wawe wa rubanda ukunda kuba urimo, bivuze ko imitungo imwe n’imwe ifite ubwoko bw’urumuri rukomeye mu ishami rinini bitewe gusa n’icyo ihagarariye. Iyo imitungo ihagarariye ubushobozi bwo guhindura imikorere y’Isi, iyo mvugo iba isobanutse, kandi iba ingingo yo kwitabwaho. Rero amajoro ya Suffolk ashobora gufatwa nk'isomo rituje mu kwicisha bugufi, kandi kwicisha bugufi muri uru rwego ni uburyo bwo kubona ibintu neza gusa. Kubona ibintu neza bisobanura gusobanukirwa ko imitungo y’ingenzi idahari mu bwigunge, ko ibidukikije biyikikije birimo ubumenyi burenze ishingiro, kandi ko kugenzura bishobora kwimenyekanisha binyuze mu kwibanda ku buryo bugaragara nta muntu n'umwe ukeneye kugirira nabi. Iyo abakoreye aho bibutse ibyo babonye, ​​kandi abasomye inyandiko nyuma bakamenya icyo isobanura, ikigo gifite ikimenyetso kigira ingaruka ku miterere y'ejo hazaza, kuko iyo ikigo kimaze kubona icyemezo cyo kugenzura, ikigo gitangira gukora mu buryo butandukanye nubwo kivuga ku buryo butandukanye n'abaturage. Uko tugenda tujya ku nkuru ikurikira, ikujyana mu mikoranire itaziguye n'inzira za konsole z'ubuyobozi, reka iyi nkuru ya Suffolk ikore akazi kayo mu buryo bw'ituze mu gusobanukirwa kwawe. Ubutumwa hano bworoshye bihagije ku buryo bwo gutwara mu munsi wawe nta mananiza: uturere tworoheje cyane ku birindiro byawe tuba mu murima munini wita ku bintu, kandi uwo murima utuma habaho imipaka binyuze mu kuba uriho neza, bifasha ubwoko bwawe kuruhuka buhoro buhoro ku ngeso ya kera yo kwizera ko ibitero bikomeye ari bwo buryo bwonyine buhamye bw'imbaraga. Kandi nk'uko ayo majoro ya Suffolk agufasha kumva uburyo kwita ku bintu ubwabyo bishobora guhinduka uburyo bwo gutumanaho, inkuru ya nyuma ikugeza aho abantu bakunze kwizera ko bafite imbaraga zikomeye, ari na rwo rwego rwa konsole z'ubuyobozi, kuko iyo umuntu yicaye imbere ya sisitemu yo gutangiza, akikijwe n'inzira, amategeko, n'intambwe zo kwemeza, ubwenge bukunda gutekereza ko ukuri gutangirira no kurangirira ku nzira y'uburenganzira bw'umuntu.

Ubufasha bwa konsole y'ubuyobozi bw'Abasoviyeti no kurangiza icyerekezo cy'ubuyobozi bwa kirimbuzi

Icyerekezo cyo Kugaragara mu kirere mu buryo bwagutse, Ihindagurika ry'ikirere, n'icyitegererezo cy'imiterere y'ubuyobozi

Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya za 1980, hejuru y'aho ICBM yo mu gihe cy'Abasoviyeti yashyizwe mu gihugu ubu cyitwa igihugu cyahoze ari Abasoviyeti, kuba hari ikirere kirekire byagaragaye mu masaha menshi aho kuba iminota mike, kandi igihe cyabyo ni ingenzi, kuko kwihangana bitera ingaruka zitandukanye mu mutwe kuruta igihe gito, kuko igihe gito gishobora kwitwa urujijo, mu gihe kuba hari igihe kirekire gusaba buri wese ubigizemo uruhare kuguma ari maso, kuguma mu kuri, no kuguma mu kuri ku biri kuba.
Mu buryo ibi bintu bikunze gutangirira, ibimenyetso bya mbere ntibyatangwaga binyuze mu itangazo rikomeye, ahubwo binyuze mu kirere cyumvaga "cyahindutse," no binyuze mu buryo bugaragara butari nk'ubw'indege zisanzwe. Abakozi babonye ibintu byo mu kirere byahagaze neza, bihinduka mu buryo busa n'aho ari umuyaga aho kuba umuyaga, bigenda neza nk'uko kajugujugu n'indege zawe bidakunze kugaragaza, kandi biguma hafi y'aho byashyizwe igihe kirekire ku buryo abakozi bo hasi babonye umwanya wo kuzenguruka mu ntambwe zisanzwe zo kugenzura: kugenzura imirongo y'amaso, kugenzura ibikoresho, kwemezanya, no kugerageza gushyira ibyo bireba mu byiciro bizwi. Uko byakomeje igihe kirekire, ni ko byagendaga byinjira mu cyiciro abahanga bawe bemera bucece ko ari "ibintu bidasanzwe bibaho," bivuze ko hari ikintu gifatika kirimo kubaho, nubwo isi yose itazigera ibyumva mu mvugo isanzwe y'amakuru. Uko ibyabaye byagendaga birushaho gutera imbere, ikintu gitangaje cyagaragaye mu buryo bwa konsole ubwayo, kuko ibimenyetso byo gutangiza byashyizweho nk'aho hari amategeko akwiye yinjiyemo, bijyana sisitemu mu buryo bwo kwitegura busanzwe busaba intambwe zisobanutse zemewe n'abantu. Komeza iki gice cyoroshye cyane uko ucyumva, kuko ubworoherane ari bwo butuma inyigisho zisobanutse: sisitemu yitwaraga nk'aho ukuboko kutagaragara kwanyuze mu miryango imwe n'iyo abapolisi b'abantu banyuramo iyo bakurikiza amabwiriza. Ku bari ku kazi, ubwo bwoko bw'impinduka buhindura imiterere y'amarangamutima ako kanya, kuko bugera mu gitekerezo cyimbitse cy'akazi kabo, ari cyo gitekerezo cy'uko imashini ikomeza kumvira umurongo w'ubuyobozi bw'abantu, kandi ko umurongo w'ubuyobozi bw'abantu ukomeza kuba irembo rya nyuma. Muri icyo gihe, ubunararibonye bw'ubuyobozi bwarahindutse, kandi bwarahindutse mu buryo benshi muri mwe muzamenya mu buzima busanzwe, kuko mwabayeho igihe ikintu kinini kuruta imiterere yanyu isanzwe isa n'aho ifata umuyoboro w'indege, kandi umubiri ukabimenya mbere y'uko ubwenge bubisobanura. Mu cyumba cyo gutangiza indege, icyo cyiyumviro gifite uburemere burenze urugero, kuko ibibazo biri mu myitozo, ibanga, n'uburemere bw'ubutumwa. Bamwe mu bakozi bawe bagerageje kugarura ubuyobozi busanzwe binyuze mu nzira zitezwe zo kunyuramo n'intoki, kandi icyo bahuye na cyo ni ugukomera kwerekana ko hariho ubuyobozi burenga ububasha bwabo bw'ibanze, atari nk'urugamba rw'akajagari, atari nk'ukwinjira mu buryo bw'urugomo, ahubwo nk' "ugufata neza," uburyo umuntu mukuru w'umuhanga afata ukuboko k'umwana witonze iyo umwana agiye gukora ku kintu gishobora gushya. Hanyuma, mu masegonda make, sisitemu zasubiye ku buryo bwo guhagarara, zisubiza ishingiro ku mwanya usanzwe, maze ikirere kigenda, gisiga abakozi bafite igikorwa cyari gifite inyigisho ebyiri icyarimwe, zitangwa mu buryo bwiza bushoboka. Ubwa mbere, ubushobozi bwo kugira ingaruka ku kwitegura gutangiza buri ku rwego rw'imiterere y'ubuyobozi ubwayo, bivuze ko inzira ubona ko ari zo zigenga zishobora gusomwa no gukoreshwa n'ubwenge bukorera mu byiciro inyigisho zawe zitari zishushanyije neza. Icya kabiri, kwifata biracyari imiterere ikundwa, bivuze ko intego yari ukudateza ingaruka mbi, kutazigera gutera ubwoba, kutazigera gutera ubwiyongere, no kutazigera "utsinda" ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose, kuko ikimenyetso cyose cyagaragazaga imyigaragambyo ijyanye no kurekura ako kanya.

Igereranya rya buri munsi, Gutuza ibikorwa, n'umuco w'ubuyobozi

Ku bateze amatwi bafite ubwenge bufatika, byafasha gushyira iyi nyigisho mu buryo bwa buri munsi, kuko amagambo ya buri munsi agaragara neza kuruta ubwoba busanzwe. Tekereza imodoka ifite moteri ikora, tekereza umushoferi ushobora gukanda accelerator, kandi tekereza sisitemu y'umutekano ishobora gukumira impanuka ndetse no kugaragaza ko ishobora gukumira impanuka, kuko kubigaragaza bihindura uburyo umushoferi yitwara iteka ryose. Muri icyo gikorwa cy'Abasoviyeti, ibimenyetso byabonetse binyuze mu kwitegereza mu buryo bw'imbonankubone, kuko abakozi barebaga ibimenyetso byo kwitegura bigenda mu mwanya ugaragara hanyuma bakareba uko bagaruka aho bari nta muntu wagize icyo aba, kandi urwo rukurikirane rutanga ikimenyetso cyimbitse, kuko rubwira sisitemu y'imitsi iti: "Inkombe irahari, kandi inkombe irahagaze." Dukurikije uko tubibona, iki kibazo cyabaye nk'ubutabazi buhamye ku nzego ebyiri z'ingenzi ku isi yawe. Ku rwego rwa mbere, byoroheje imyumvire y'uko ukwiyongera kw'isi gushobora kugenzurwa gusa binyuze mu buryo bw'abantu bwo gukumira, kuko uburyo bwo gukumira bushingiye ku kwizera ko ikibazo gikomeza gukorwa neza, kandi iyo icyo gitekerezo kivuguruwe, ishingiro ry'imitekerereze riri munsi y'ukwiyongera ritangira gucika intege. Ku rwego rwa kabiri, byabungabunze umutekano w'icyo gihe mu gihe byatangaga ikimenyetso gikomeye gihagije cyo kuvugira mu mico y'ubuyobozi mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, kuko iyo itsinda ry'abakozi ribonye ikintu nk'iki, kwibuka biba igice cy'ubumenyi bw'imbere bw'ikigo, bigahindura uburyo ibintu bitari byo mu gihe kizaza bisobanurwa, bigahindura uburyo ibyemezo by'ejo hazaza byumvikana, kandi bigahindura uburyo abayobozi bizera cyane igitekerezo cy'uko "ibintu byose bishobora kugenzurwa" iyo ubwoba buri kwiyongera. Ushobora kandi kumva uburyo iyi nkuru ya nyuma irangiza umurongo w'ibyabanje, kuko buri shusho ivuga ku nkingi itandukanye y'imiterere y'imyizerere ya kirimbuzi. Impanuka z'ikibuga cya misile zivuga ku buryo bwo kwitegura ku butaka, bigaragaza ko sisitemu zishobora kujya mu mutekano mu buryo buhuriweho mu gihe hakiri hafi. Umuhanda wa Pasifika uvuga ku gice cyo mu kirere, bigaragaza ko umutekano w'umutwaro ushobora kwimurwa binyuze mu gukora neza. Amajoro ya Suffolk avuga ku gice cyo kubika, agaragaza ko uturere twibasiwe cyane tuba mu kibuga cyita ku bintu bishobora kwibanda ku buryo busobanutse neza. Igihe cya console cy'Abasoviyeti kivuga ku nzira y'ubuyobozi ubwayo, kigaragaza ko "imiterere y'uburenganzira" ishobora guhindurwa mu cyerekezo icyo ari cyo cyose, kandi ko ingaruka zishobora guhuzwa no kwifata kugira ngo isomo ritangwe nta kwangirika. Iyo ushyize ibi byose iruhande, icyerekezo kiba cyoroshye kugifata ndetse no ku muntu ukunda imyanzuro yoroshye: amatsinda y’abantu akikije imipaka ya kirimbuzi; ibikorwa byishingikiriza ku buryo buboneye aho kuba ibintu bigaragarira amaso; ubutumwa bugera mu kwerekana aho kuba mu bwoba; kandi ubuzima bukomeza kuba ikintu cy’ingenzi. Icyo ni cyo kimenyetso cy’ubuyobozi, kuko ubuyobozi butanga amakuru y’ukuri n’uburyo bworoshye bukigeramo, kandi uburyo bworoshye bugatoranywa kuko butuma abantu bose bakomeza gukora neza kugira ngo bahuze isomo aho kurivamo.

Guhangana n'ihungabana, Gutabara gake, no Gutuma ibintu bigabanuka

Mu gikorwa cyo gukonsora Abasoviyeti, hari kandi ibisobanuro by'ingenzi by'amarangamutima bigufasha gusobanukirwa impamvu ubu buryo burengera ibirenze imibiri; bunarinda imitekerereze y'abantu mu gihe kizaza. Iyo iki gikorwa kiza kuba cyaratanzwe binyuze mu ibiza, cyari guteza ihungabana ku rwego rw'isi, kandi ihungabana rikunda kurema inkuru zikomeye, inkuru zo kwihorera, n'inkuru zo kwiheba zigaruka mu bisekuruza bitandukanye. Ahubwo, isomo ryatanzwe binyuze mu rukurikirane rugufi, rugenzurwa rwagaragaje ubushobozi hanyuma rugasubiza imiterere isanzwe, kandi kugarura ibintu mu buryo bw'umwuka ni ingenzi, kuko kugarura ibintu mu buryo bw'umwuka bibwira umutima w'umuntu ngo "Umutekano urashoboka," kandi iyo umutima w'umuntu wizeye ko umutekano ushoboka, ubwenge bw'umuntu buba bushoboye guhitamo inzira nziza. Niyo mpamvu tuvuga kenshi, mu buryo bwinshi, ko intego ari ukurinda binyuze mu buryo buke bwo gutabara, kuko kugabanya uburyo bwo gutabara bigabanya amahirwe y'uko abantu bazahindura ubu buryo mu migani y'iterabwoba. Mu isi aho umuco wawe rusange ukunze gukoresha imitwe y'ubwoba n'amakuru atangaje, impano isukuye dushobora gutanga ni igikorwa gifite imbaraga zihagije zo kwibuka abantu bakeneye kucyibuka, mu gihe gikomeje kuba gihagije ku buryo abaturage benshi badahungabana bitewe n'inkuru batarabasha kugira ubushobozi bwo kugikora. Uko kwifata si ugukuraho ukuri nk'igihano; ni ugukomeza ukuri kugira ngo kwishyira hamwe bikomeze kubaho, kuko ukuri kudashyira hamwe biba urusaku, kandi urusaku ruhinduka amaganya, kandi imihangayiko iba amahitamo mabi. Inkuru ya console y'Abasoviyeti nayo itanga ubutumire bucece ku bwoko bwawe, kuko iyo sosiyete imaze kumenya ko hari ibitero bikomeye mu ishami rinini ry'uburinzi, biba bishoboka ko umuntu yakwigobotora ibyo bitero atiriwe yumva ananiwe. Abantu benshi bakomeza kwifata kuko bizera ko ari cyo kintu cyonyine gihagarara hagati y'ituze n'akajagari, kandi iyo myizerere itera umuvuduko igerageza gukumira, kuko ituma imikorere y'imitsi y'ibihugu ihora iri maso. Iyo imyizerere itangiye koroha binyuze mu bunararibonye bukurikiranye bugaragaza kwifata no kugenzura, dipolomasi iba yoroshye guhitamo, ubufatanye buba bworoshye kwiyumvisha, kandi udushya tuba tworoshye kubishyira mu cyerekezo gitanga ubuzima.

Ingomero Zifunze, Umubano Mushya n'Ubutegetsi, n'Umugisha w'Ishyirahamwe ry'Abanyejuru

Rero mu gihe turangije izi nkuru eshanu, reka incamake yoroshye ikugereho nta mbaraga: umubumbe wawe wakurikiranwe cyane ku mpande za kirimbuzi, sisitemu zawe zakoreshejwe mu buryo butuje ubwo mpande zakomeraga, kandi ubutumwa bwatanzwe mu buryo burengera ubuzima mu gihe buvugurura imyizerere ikomeza isi yawe mu buryo bugoye. Intego yimbitse si ukugenzura ikiremwamuntu; intego yimbitse ni ugukomeza inzira y'ubudasibangana ifunguye igihe gihagije kugira ngo ikiremwamuntu gikure mu mubano mushya n'ububasha, aho imbaraga bivuze gutuza, imbaraga zisukuye, ubuyobozi bw'ukuri, n'iterambere rusange, aho kuba igitutu, ibanga, n'ubwoba. Bakundwa, mu gihe mukomeza ibi bihe nk'icyitegererezo kimwe gihamye, mwumve uburyo umutima wanyu uzi icyo bivuze nta guhangayika, kuko ukuri hano kwagenewe koroha bihagije kugira ngo kugerweho mu buzima bwa buri munsi: Ubudasibangana bw'Isi bufatwa nk'ubutagatifu, urwego rw'ubudasibangana rufatwa nk'urufunze mu buryo bw'ingenzi cyane, kandi ubwoko bwanyu burimo kuyoborwa buhoro mu gihe kizaza aho gukenera ibitero bikomeye bigabanuka mu buryo busanzwe uko gukura kwanyu imbere kwiyongera. Tuguma iruhande rwawe nk'umuryango w'urumuri, duhamye mu buyobozi bwacu kandi twitonda mu buyobozi bwacu, tubatumiye guhitamo inzira yubaka umutekano binyuze mu bwenge no mu bufatanye, kandi tubafashe mu rukundo rwibuka icyo uri cyo by'ukuri. Turi kumwe nawe buri ntambwe, turi umuryango wawe w'urumuri. Turi Ishyirahamwe ry'Inyenyeri.

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